Understanding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1638 Words

Understanding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and How it Effects Learning Learning can be affected by many things that occur throughout a student’s education career. Therefore, has anyone ever thought of how a student’s mental well-being could affect their learning process? The fact is, approximately 4-6% of youth nationwide will be diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) upon meeting the specific criteria due to experiencing a traumatic event that includes symptoms such as reduced concentration and disturbing thoughts, which may rigorously interfere with school performance (Kataoka, Langley, Wong, Baweja Stein, 2012). While these percentages may seem small, it is still extremely important that students and instructors alike are made aware of PTSD, its symptoms and effective treatments in order to provide support for one another. Comprehension of the definition of PTSD is required when it comes to communication and providing aid to an individual suffering from it. A common misconception of this disorder is that only combat veter ans bear psychological stress that affects their state of mind. Although, that presently is not the case, the experiences of Vietnam Veterans did lead to the disorders introduction into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (DSM-III) in 1980 (Kato, Kawata Pitman, 2006). Since 1980, PTSD, (depicted by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (n.d.) as â€Å"an anxiety disorder that some people getShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesToday we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of events happenedRead More Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay142 0 Words   |  6 Pages There are hundreds of different kinds of psychiatric disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). One of them is called Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Based on the research, post-traumatic disorder usually occurs following the experience or witnessing of life-threatening events such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults like rape (Harvard Women’s Health Watch, 2005)Read MoreDreaming and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Connection974 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction According to the dictionary diagnosis in PsychCentral, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is defined as a â€Å"debilitating mental disorder that follows experiencing or witnessing an extremely traumatic, tragic, or terrifying event† (PTSD Info Treatment, 2013). While this definition describes the general definition of PTSD, the DSM-IV states that the criteria for being diagnosed with PTSD varies between a person who â€Å"experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involvedRead MoreNo Comfort Zone By Marla Handy Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesto the surface something many people tend to avoid: post-traumatic stress disorder. Unlike for many members of society, for Handy, it is not and never will be something she can avoid. She works to, momentarily, at least, bridge this gap for her readers by describing some of the symptoms that she and many others with PTSD live with on a frequent basis. Handy is one of about 8% of people who have been diagnosed with PTSD, defined as â€Å"a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shockingRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1600 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years there has been much dispute over the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, on the armed forces. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a medical condition that affects the physiology of the brain. It commonly affects those who have experienced or witnessed stressful events, such as war. PTSD was generally referred to as â€Å"shell-shock† in the military, until an improved and more inclusive definition of the disease was discovered. Wartime environments contain a multitude ofRead MoreEvents and Treaties of World War I1317 Words   |  5 PagesIn history class we are currently discussing the events and treaties of World War 1. I found this subject very interesting and the fact that many soldiers suffered from Post-Tr aumatic Stress Disorder piqued my curiosity. My teacher discussed how towards the end of the war soldiers portrayed symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and often fled during war which led to most of them being captured by their government and killed. I want to learn more about this topic because it is very interestingRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder1630 Words   |  7 Pagesthe treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined by DSM-IV-TR is â€Å"characterised by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma† (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000). There are many impacts and effects this disorder has on refugees requiring treatment, interventions, education and a need for understanding the individuals’Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )989 Words   |  4 Pages Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Sarah Batson Eastern Florida State College, Melbourne CLP 2140 03M Abstract In today s society, it has become prevalent that the amount of individuals suffering from mental illnesses is rapidly increasing. This paper will focus on one of the disorders associated with mental illness – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The introduction will define and describe the disorder, and the following paragraphs will discuss causes, symptoms, target populationsRead MoreThe Wars- Effects on Humans1748 Words   |  7 PagesWar has been a constant part of human history. It has greatly affected the lives of people around the world. These effects, however, are extremely detrimental. Soldiers must shoulder extreme stress on the battlefield. Those that cannot mentally overcome these challenges may develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Sadly, some resort to suicide to escape their insecurities. Soldiers, however, are not the only ones affected by wars; family members also experience mental hardships when their loved onesRead MoreResearch Based Interventions Paper1727 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Research- Based Intervention on Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Erica Mariscal Vigil PSYCH 650 Dr. Harry Beaman 05/25/15 Research- Based Intervention on Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder According to Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley (2013), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is a â€Å"disorder that occurs following an extreme traumatic event, in which a person re-experiences the event, avoids reminders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent increased arousal†. An example may be, a person who

Marijuana Subculture Free Essays

Subculture: Marijuana in the United States Fatima Alikhan ENG 122 Professor Kenneth Newton Monday May 23, 2010 The United States has an approved list of drugs that are considered legal and illegal that create adverse side effects and hold diverse political views. Marijuana is a substance that popular media holds in a negative undertone while other drugs such as valium and alcohol are supported, if not glorified. Popular media is a powerful tool that gathers a mass of people and provides all types of information. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Subculture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some types of information are historical facts, statistics, entertainment, opinions, and biases which alter the state and views of those who access it. Marijuana has had an extremely controversial political view throughout history and is considered a â€Å"gateway drug,† enabling users to pursue stronger and dangerous substances. Although marijuana includes negative side effects, statistics prove it may be far less dangerous to people and those around them compared to legalized substances with higher danger percentages. The comparison and political attitudes of marijuana throughout history of the United States is what is examined in this paper to draw awareness to readers on the bias of intolerance towards marijuana. I plan on limiting my topic selection by choosing a limit of 3 substances to compare the statistics against and only recording major milestones that changed the way people viewed marijuana throughout American history. The underlying argument in this paper would be in the form of an ultimatum: legalize marijuana or criminalize alcohol and prescription pain medicine. The American people may not know why exactly marijuana is considered illegal when neither side effects or symptoms cause fatalities or crime when contrasted against prescription pain pills that target teenagers to adults. Alcohol related accidents are also significantly higher than marijuana related stresses however it has been considered wrong, immoral, and illegal for close to a century in United States history. The media’s portrayal of marijuana in movies and television shows has always been a carefree and adventurous approach. Movies such as Half Baked, Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle, and Pineapple Express depict the substance as a recreational tool that can enhance the quality of life and entertainment. Television shows such as That 70’s Show demonstrate an accurate depiction of marijuana use in the 1970’s which show a group of teenagers sitting around a circle smoking marijuana, giggling, and eating. Although the 1970’s was known for heavy drug use such as cocaine, LSD, and heroin, and the government’s epic battle on the war on drugs, marijuana was considered to be a gateway drug which led to endless possibilites and dangers. Throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s, marijuana was portrayed in negative connotations after President Nixon had declared a war on all drugs which was intended for the crack and heroin epidemic however extended itself onto marijuana as well. After the new century, the media began anti-marijuana campaign commercials that would be targeted directly towards teenagers. â€Å"Tests of sensation seeking targeting evaluated the effectiveness of targeted televised public service announcement campaigns in reducing marijuana use among high sensation-seeking adolescents,† (Palmgreen, Donohew, Lorch, Hoyle, Stephenson, 2001). This study used a controlled interrupted time-series design method to match 2 communities where one county and campaign was compared to another county and campaign. Personal interviews were conducted with 100 teenagers in a period of 32 months. The result proved the effectiveness of media towards adolescents. All 3 campaigns had reversed the trend of marijuana use. Televised campaigns that target a large group of people have an effective strategy in conveying a direct message and achieving its purpose. The message that is being portrayed however is based off of false assumptions and lack of scientific data. It is simply opinion however the message and the powerful tool of the media conveys a strong image to impose a crime on the substance. The portrayal of other legal drugs in the media such as alcohol and prescription pills is far more appealing to the human eye than marijuana. Alcohol is branded with trademarks and celebrity endorsements that promote an urban lifestyle. It conveys the message that it is chic and savvy to drink or that it can bring excitement to a social setting. Celebrities, fancy cars, sports athletes, musicians, and scantily clad women submit a message through media that drinking â€Å"their† alcohol will allow a person’s environment or self-image to be enhanced. Prescription pills on the other hand are not mentioned much in the media at all. The amount of danger and the percentage of addiction is at such a great risk for Americans however there are no repercussions taken by government or doctors. With the number of soccer moms, teenagers, and role models (athletes, etc. ) that are getting addicted to these substances, it is abnormal that the federal government hasn’t taken action towards monitoring or screening these substances as they do with marijuana. Marijuana charges for possession and distribution cost tax payers unnecessary dollars to keep law enforcement active, house non criminal inmates, and fund anti-marijuana regulations. In contrast, the percentage of income the government and private corporations receive from alcohol and prescription pills keeps skyrocketing yearly even though the damage done to people and those around them from these substances is rather substantial. The dangers and problems of both alcohol and prescriptions pills in comparison to marijuana have alarming statistics and percentages that make readers astonished as to why marijuana is illegal or why other substances are legal. Alcohol has a long history of being portrayed in media as a â€Å"relaxing† elixir after a long day at work or a method of unwinding. The role of alcohol in movies and television are false impressions of what would happen in a social setting if you were to be drinking a certain alcohol or the how much better your time would be spent if you were drinking. Commercials and advertisements use models, cars, celebrities, sports, clubs, and entertainment to promote an image or brand that alcohol brings life, love, and lust to any party however the cold hard truth is that it is far from the perception it sells. This multi-million dollar industry prides itself on a fast growing industry that has the highest percentage of users of a social drug in the United States. â€Å"We do not need the brewers’ reminder that the absolute quantity of alcohol consumed has been steadily increasing at a rate of at least 7% per annum to be aware that it remains far and away the most widely-accepted social drug in this country,† (Aud, 1981, p. 48). Prescription pills have not been much of a harmful substance until this decade. The recent increase in those prescribed with pain and given very high doses of pain medication has been astonishing. Although these substances are intended to target the pain, most pain killers given through a prescription are misused and soon become addictive. A minor toothache or certain back pain that may not require such high doses of medicine are being prescribed by doctors which is leading to numerous amounts of dangers. A local mother who is prescribed pain killers can also be accidentally distributing to her teenagers who may not need the medicine or know how to properly ingest it. The effect of alcohol and prescription pills are a deadly combination but are extremely popular among youth. The combination of both legal substances enhance the altered state of mind one would naturally get from consuming just one substance. Prescription pain killers have been the major focus study among teenagers in the past 5 years due to the availability of them compared to the frequency of its distribution now. The assumptions on health effects caused by marijuana have different results after several tests. Many may presume that marijuana causes an array of mental disorders and lack of control of the mind however, Mitch Earleywine’s research proves no such case. â€Å"In general, the drug is incapable of creating an overdose. It can exacerbate the symptoms of some mental disorders but does not appear to cause them. Data fail to show any marijuana-induced changes in brain structure, but long-term exposure to the drug alters the way the brain functions during complex tasks,† (Earleywine, 2002, p. 143). Issues such as mental illness, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, antisocial behavior are linked to the symptoms of marijuana and although it does not cause any exact disorder, it may enhance those symptoms. Marijuana is now medicinally researched to cure disorders such as insomnia, anorexia, and minor pain. Cancer patients also rely on marijuana to increase their appetite, decrease nerve pain, and combat minor pain (Goodwin, 2010). Marijuana is a substance that comes with many pretenses and opinions that may be based on scientific fact or public opinion portrayed through the media. The tests, evaluations, and studies examined in this paper provide adequate information to the reader in establishing a proper factual idea on what marijuana is, the portrayal of the substance in the media, what its effects and dangers are, and its comparison to other legalized substances that are much more harmful. Although the United States has slowly shown progress in decriminalizing marijuana and accepting the medicinal uses for it in states such as California, there is an underlying common misperception that marijuana is a substance of great danger, civil disobedience, and rebellion. References: Aud, J. (1981). Marijuana Use and Social Control. University of Illinois at Chicago. New York: Academic Press Inc. Baggins, David Sadofsky. (1998). Drug Hate and The Corruption of American Justice. University of Illinois at Chicago. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Earleywine, Mitch. (2002). Understanding Marijuana: A new look at the scientific evidence. University of Illinois at Chicago. New York: Oxford University Press. Novak, William. (1980). High Culture: Marijuana in the Lives of Americans. University of Illinois at Chicago. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Philip Palmgreen,  Lewis Donohew,  Elizabeth Pugzles Lorch,  Rick H Hoyle,  Ã‚  Michael T Stephenson. (2001). Television campaigns and adolescent marijuana use: Tests of sensation seeking targeting. American Journal of Public Health,  91(2),  292-6. Retrieved June 12, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:  67849612). Goodwin,  J.. (2010,  August). Smoked Marijuana May Ease Chronic Nerve Pain. U. S. News World Report,1. Retrieved June 12, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:  2170726371). How to cite Marijuana Subculture, Essay examples

Surgical Safety Checklist by the World Health Organization

Question: Discuss about theSurgical Safety Checklist by the World Health Organization. Answer: Giles, K., Munn, Z., Aromataris, E., Deakin, A., Schultz, T., Mandel, C., ... Runciman, W. (2017). Use of surgical safety checklists in Australian operating theatres: an observational study.ANZ journal of surgery,87(12), 971-975. The primary aim pf this research article was to understand the use of surgical safety checklists or SSC in Australian healthcare facilities. After the intervention of SSC by the World Health Organization to reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity, there were very less facts available regarding the use of SSC in Australian healthcare society. The method this study used was direct observation of employees using SSC by trained observers. Further audit was carried out to determine discrepancy in the process and observe the compliance between the practice and the process the healthcare facilities followed. The research was conducted in 11 healthcare facilities and according to the observers, the compliance to the checklist related process was 27%. Within 11 hospitals only 1 hospital was able to comply with the overall process. Further, in maximum of the hospitals, the audit revealed that process and records were not complying with each other. Hence the limitations of the study was the sampling and recruitment process. The goal which was set for the research also limited the scope of the research. the researchers decided to conduct study in 15 hospitals surgical department over 18 months period however, it does not occur as several hospitals prevented external entries within healthcare facilities. Therefore according to my view, this study will provide further scopes for several researches that will arise from the limitation of this study. Aveling, E. L., McCulloch, P., Dixon-Woods, M. (2013). A qualitative study comparing experiences of the surgical safety checklist in hospitals in high-income and low-income countries.BMJ open,3(8), e003039. The primary objective of this research article was to determine the challenges faced by both low and high income countries while complying with the SSC intervention of the WHO intended to reduce the mortality and morbidity. The research chose UK as the high income country and Africa as the low income country. The study design was Ethnographic that involves observation, interviews and collection of several documents from the healthcare facility. Further for the data analysis section thematic analysis was chosen. The sample size of this research was small and one African hospital and two hospitals of the United Kingdom were chosen to conduct the study. The researchers observed the surgical theatre of these three hospital settings for 112 hours and scrutinized each step to understand the detailed process the facilities followed and found that According to the observers they found maximum compliance between the Whos SSC and hospitals working environment. However, several steps were confl icting the philosophy of the system because of the difference between the strategy and the local cultural preferences. The limitation was casual and optimistic approach of the healthcare facilities. Hence, the future implication of this research setting in my view is extremely useful and has the ability to inspire many research subjects to find out the shortcomings of this research. Van Klei, W. A., Hoff, R. G., Van Aarnhem, E. E. H. L., Simmermacher, R. K. J., Regli, L. P. E., Kappen, T. H., ... Peelen, L. M. (2012). Effects of the introduction of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist on in-hospital mortality: a cohort study.Annals of surgery,255(1), 44-49. This research was also determined to evaluate the implication of SSC strategy developed by the WHO and find the potential effect related to the checklist compliance. The research was conducted as in Australian healthcare facilities, after the implementation of the SSC, a reduction in the mortality and morbidity rate was observed. Therefore, this retrospective cohort study was conducted with more than 25,000 patients that undergone surgeries in the healthcare facilities of Australia. Further to compare the patients acquired data, the electronic data was also collected from the healthcare facilities. Further several aspects such as patient outcomes, patient characteristics, surgical specialty, and comorbidity was also checked. The findings also indicated to the fact that crude morbidity reduced to 2.85% from 3.13% after the implementation of surgical safety checklist in the healthcare settings. Further from the patients responses it was determined that 96% patient responded that health care facilities complied with the WHOs SSC strategy. However the limitation of the study was biasness of patients and the refusal of several healthcare facilities to provide their patients electronic information to the researchers. Although the future implication of the study is positive as the study provided scope for future researches where possible bias and other inhibiting factors can be removed. Hannam, J. A., Glass, L., Kwon, J., Windsor, J., Stapelberg, F., Callaghan, K., ... Mitchell, S. J. (2013). A prospective, observational study of the effects of implementation strategy on compliance with a surgical safety checklist.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2012. In this research article the aim was to determine the effect of WHOs SSC Checklist as the healthcare facilities proposed that due to proper use of this check list morbidity and mortality rates decreased in their facilities. Further the research also find out the type of SSC program that is dependent to WHO or independent SSC was conducted in the healthcare facilities. The objectives were to compare one hospital having WHO supported SSC practice and another hospital having independent SSC practice. The method that was chosen for this research was observational and all three SSC domains such as sign in time out and sign out was observed in both the healthcare facilities. As well as they also observed the team engagement within the operation theatre. The research article presented findings depending on the three aspects of sign in, time out and sign out. In case of sign in, the compliance of hospital 1 and 2 was 96% and 31% respectively, for time out it was 99% and 48% respectively and for sign out 22% and 9% respectively. Therefore the findings were very clear that hospitals that conducted SSC process without the help of WHO were unable to comply with the process however the team engagement in the hospital 2 was better than hospital 1. Hence, the future implication of this research study is progressive as further research can be conducted on the conflict between team engagement and compliance with SSC of WHO. Rydenflt, C., Johansson, G., Odenrick, P., kerman, K., Larsson, P. A. (2013). Compliance with the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist: deviations and possible improvements.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(2), 182-187. The aim of this research article was to understand the issues that the healthcare facilities faced while complying with the WHO driven surgical safety checklist process to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates while the process of crucial surgeries. Further to understand the communication related issues, medical failures and support development while implementing the intervention in the healthcare facility. The objective of this research was to assess the level of deviation to the SSC process. The method was observation of the surgical site and for the purpose 24 surgical procedures in different healthcare facilities were observed. Within the healthcare settings, the observer decided to observe the three processes such as sign in, time out and sign out. However, as the maximum rate of error occurred in time out phase of surgical setting, the process of time out was specially analyzed so that compliance with the predefined observational protocol can be observed. It was observed tha t high compliance with the SSC protocol are being followed by the healthcare facilities. Further it was observed that the healthcare professionals mainly the surgeons and anaesthesia team dominated the time out process, which was the limitation of the study. Further the future implication of the study included research on other aspects such as sign in and sign out. The surgical safety checklist was developed by the World Health Organization as a tool to be used in the hospital surgical rooms while surgeries so that the morbidity and mortality rates can be decreased. According to this tool, the organization was responsible for any incident occurred in the healthcare facility and it is the duty of the healthcare experts present within the room to apply all the safety measures according to SSC. In this assignment, five research articles were collected that provided detailed idea regarding the SSC compliance of healthcare facilities. Further in this assignment, the overall findings of those five articles will be analyzed, synthesized and criticized. All the articles included in the annotated bibliography were focused to understand the level of compliance of healthcare facilities with the SSC tool. The first article by Giles et al., (2017), determined the understanding of Australian hospitals regarding the topic and found that Maximum of the healthcare facilities were not being able to comply with the SSC tool. Further According to Sparks et al., (2013), independent healthcare systems are the ones that are unable to comply with the SSC tool. Further the research article had several limitation such as sampling and recruitment issues, hence while critically analyzing the data of article it was determined that maximum of the healthcare facilities di not allowed the researchers to conduct research within surgical theatre, hence the authenticity of the results are primary concern. Further in the articles by Aveling, McCulloch Dixon-Woods, (2013) and Hannam et al., (2013), the challenges faced by healthcare facilities during complying with the SSC tool was determined. In the article of Hannam et al., (2013), issues regarding WHO support and WHO independent SSC compliance was compared and it was found that independent hospitals lack the ability to comply with the process. Hence, according to Pollach Namboya (2013), lack of experience and training the facility was unable to follow the steps provided by WHO. Whereas Aveling, McCulloch Dixon-Woods (2013) conducted research to understand the internal issues that distract facilities to comply with the process due to high income or low income. Further Care Knowledge (2014) also determined that GDP of the country is responsible for the development of the healthcare facility hence the results were critically correct. The fourth article was regarding a cohort study that was conducted by Van Klei et al., (2012) with the patients and healthcare electronic records to understand the level of compliance. However, it was seen that due to individual bias and inability of the researchers to use HER records of each patient the authenticity of the work hampered. However the main aspect of the study was to observe the reduction of morbidity rates which was observed from the result. Finally in the research conducted by Rydenflt et al., (2013), in which the issues faced by healthcare facilities in each aspect of SSC such as sign in, time out and sign out was discussed. Further from the result was observed that time it was dominated by senior healthcare experts that violated the SSC guidelines. Hence, critically, it was non-compliance with the study. While concluding it can be said that the healthcare facilities were unable to comply with the SSC tool as they lacked proper training and brief introduction on organization level as the application of theoretical knowledge on healthcare environment was difficult for them. However, all these research articles provided positive future implication as more research could have been conducted on the limitations of these researches to make the healthcare facilities completely compliance with the SSC tool. References Aveling, E. L., McCulloch, P., Dixon-Woods, M. (2013). A qualitative study comparing experiences of the surgical safety checklist in hospitals in high-income and low-income countries.BMJ open,3(8), e003039. Care, E. V. B., Knowledge, G. N. (2014). Center for Nursing Research, and Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing New Orleans, LA.The Ochsner Journal,14, e25-e38. Giles, K., Munn, Z., Aromataris, E., Deakin, A., Schultz, T., Mandel, C., ... Runciman, W. (2017). Use of surgical safety checklists in Australian operating theatres: an observational study.ANZ journal of surgery,87(12), 971-975. Hannam, J. A., Glass, L., Kwon, J., Windsor, J., Stapelberg, F., Callaghan, K., ... Mitchell, S. J. (2013). A prospective, observational study of the effects of implementation strategy on compliance with a surgical safety checklist.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2012. Pollach, G., Namboya, F. (2013). Preventing intensive care admissions for sepsis in tropical Africa (PICASTA): an extension of the international pediatric global sepsis initiative: an African perspective.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,14(6), 561-570. Rydenflt, C., Johansson, G., Odenrick, P., kerman, K., Larsson, P. A. (2013). Compliance with the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist: deviations and possible improvements.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(2), 182-187. Sparks, E. A., Wehbe-Janek, H., Johnson, R. L., Smythe, W. R., Papaconstantinou, H. T. (2013). Surgical safety checklist compliance: a job done poorly!.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,217(5), 867-873. Van Klei, W. A., Hoff, R. G., Van Aarnhem, E. E. H. L., Simmermacher, R. K. J., Regli, L. P. E., Kappen, T. H., ... Peelen, L. M. (2012). Effects of the introduction of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist on in-hospital mortality: a cohort study.Annals of surgery,255(1), 44-49.

The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government Essay Example

The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government Paper One of the Novels we have read this semester is the first book in Suzanne Collins’ trilogy, The Hunger Games. In the book the main character Katniss Everdeen, a girl from District 12, lives in a world in which every year a male and a female tribute from each of the 12 Districts are selected to fight to the death in what is called the Hunger Games, created by the Capitol of Panem. Katniss ends up volunteering for her younger sister prim after she had been selected for the games. Katniss must fight for survival in the arena to make it home to her family after she had promised her sister that she would do her best to make it out alive. The world in which the people of this book live in is ruled by a totalitarian government that uses isolation, the inability to have free speech, and even the Hunger Games itself as a means of enforcing and retaining their power over society. The use of isolation is one way that the government makes it so the people are not able to escape from their rule. A fence borders the outside of each of the districts which no one is ever allowed to leave except under certain circumstances .An example of isolation is when Katniss says â€Å"After the war, the Capitol destroyed all the nests surrounding the city, but the ones near the districts were left untouched. Another reminder of our weakness, I suppose, just like the Hunger Games. Another reason to keep inside the fence of District 12† (Collins 3). This shows that by placing the mutant tracker jackers around the Districts the people were forced to stay in their regions, thus proving to be a form of government control. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ability to speak freely can be a very powerful thing, but in Panem’s society it is very dangerous. Free speech is not allowed in Panem and one who speaks freely will most likely receive a severe punishment or death. Katniss foreshadows this when saying â€Å"When I was younger, I scared my mother to death, the things I would blurt out about Di

Below is Not an Attributive Adjective

Below is Not an Attributive Adjective Below is Not an Attributive Adjective Below is Not an Attributive Adjective By Maeve Maddox The word below is used as a preposition and as an adverb, but never as an attributive adjective. At least, that is what I believed until I received this email from a reader: Have you written about the current use (or, rather, misuse) of below? People are saying, â€Å"Please read the below information and send your reservation,† etc. Sure enough, a quick Web cruise provides numerous (international) examples of the phrases â€Å"below information† and â€Å"below form† from sites run by universities, health services, local governments, and newspapers: To facilitate the application process, please read the below information  completely. After reading the below information, please apply.- Virginia Tech graduate school. Please read the below information carefully before using the old Vocals Syllabus in your exam.- Rock School (UK). For data classifications and handling please read the below information provided by Purdue University.- Purdue University. If you already participate in CAQH: Please complete the below form and submit it (or any questions) using the contact information below.- Molina Healthcare. Please read the below information to help with the application process.- City of Buffalo, New York. Please read the below information to see which option suits you.- The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia). In each of these examples, the word below should follow the nouns and not stand in front of them. The OED defines this use of below as follows: below adverb: Lower on a written sheet or page; hence, later in a book or writing; at the foot of the page. When an object is present, below is a preposition: Read the information below the dotted line. (The object is â€Å"the dotted line.†) When no object is present, below is an adverb: He was asked to sign his name on the line, but he wrote it below. In a construction like â€Å"Read the information below,† the word modified by the adverb is not stated. O’Conner and Kellerman  at Grammarphobia offer this suggestion: It might sometimes help to imagine an unstated word like â€Å"located† or â€Å"positioned† in there somewhere: â€Å"the offices on the floor [located] below.† Merriam-Webster muddies the waters in the entry for below as an adverb by placing the word adjective in parenthesis beside the word adverb: be ·low adverb (or adjective). Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) regards the below + noun usage as an oddity: When calling your readers’ attention to an illustration or table further on in a text, the proper word order is not â€Å"the below table† but â€Å"the table below.† Although it is common to see above placed before a noun in this way, doing it with below sounds very strange to most speakers of standard English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1"Replacement for" and "replacement of"Writing a Thank You Note

Access the internal control of Shangri-la company

Access the internal control of Shangri-la company Access the internal control of Shangri-la company Internal control is defined as Systematic measures that been used by accountant and auditor to make sure the goals is achieved, conduct the business in efficient matter, safeguard of asset, to ensure that rules and regulation is being followed, completeness and accuracy of financial record and produce reliable and timely financial and management information. There are a few matters that Shangri-la concerning about of internal control such as: a. Completeness and accurancy of financial record. Shangri-la company use a system to ensure of appropriateness of business operation of the Group consisting of the Company and its subsidiaries. Chief Executive Officer of the company which is Mr Lim Beng Chee should discovered the fact and any decision that may cause a substantial damage, or act in violation of the laws, regulations or the Articles of incorporation and other acts outside the scope of the purpose to ensure that proper operation of subsidiaries is well-managed. In addition it also help to ensure the proper operation of subsidiary companies so that the reliability of financial reports by performing the maintenance, construction of internal control system in accordance with the financial statements, together with ongoing assessment, carried out necessary corrections if there are deficiencies, management shall appropriate the Company and to ensure. b. Ensure that rules and regulation is being followed. Shangri-la company always ensure that their operating business followed the rules. Information Management will make sure that they are following regulation and security guideline about Rules on the handling of personal data, Personal information protection regulation, and Information security policy by proper managing of important document. c. Ensure that the goals of company is achieved.Promote agile decision-making by the executive officers of small and further strengthen executive power. Set up the goals and objective of company so that the employee will understand and help employee achieved the company objectivity. d. The management and operating manager should segregate duties amongst executive officers and employee.The manager should divide the duties and work among their staff to make sure that objective of company is achieved. Shangri-la set up the goals for every department and their staff know their roles and responsibility for the company. e. Safeguard of asset. Shangri-la company established Risk Management Regulation clarify the department responsible for each risk category, endeavor to establish a risk management system. Established a management meeting risk, together with the corresponding consultation on matters relating to risk management, internal control report to the Commission on a regular basis for other conditions.

Professional Development IP 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional Development IP 5 - Research Paper Example From the three strengths, you would also choose one of the strengths that you elaborate more about from your previous workplace, and it should be related to the current position that you are seeking. While answering such a question you should demonstrate a high level; of confidence so as to convince the panel that you are the most-suitable candidate and that you deserve that job (Stein, 2003). Another question that you should be prepared to answer is why you would wish to leave your current workplace? The response to this question should be very brief. The respondent should not create a poor picture of the previous employment and show that the move was a personal decision. Honesty plays an important role since your new employer can contact your previous place of work. In some cases, the respondent can also be asked of the salary he/she expects.it is important that the respondent has information about the market value of the target position. The respondent can quote the salary received in the previous place of work and give a figure within the same range if selected. If not stated in the advertisement, you can quote a salary that is up to 20% higher. In some cases, the question of competencies may arise. Due to the constantly changing market the key factors that should be evident in the answer should include flexibility that will allow shifting from one the specified duties to another or from one team to another. Adaptability is key here where you should be able fit to a new environment and work in many departments within the company. The interviewee should also demonstrate high problem-solving skills so as to be able to solve emerging challenges in the course of duty. The ability and willingness to learn should also be brought out as employees will be required to attend workshops and seminars frequently. Some interviewers may ask about your previous accomplishments. In such a question, you would give the most-challenging circumstances that you encountered in

To what extent has the development of the European Security and Essay

To what extent has the development of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) made the European Union (EU) a strategic actor - Essay Example s, a creation of new governmental institutions, a great exchange of ideas, policies and approaches to national and international security and defense. Webber et al. assert that â€Å"the Europeanisation of security has been the great political revolution of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries† (19). One of the outcomes of the process, which is considered to be of a great importance, is the innovative European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). This paper is aimed to discuss the role of the ESDP development process in a building of European security competence and in a strengthening the role of the European Union (EU) in the context of the world security and defense policy. During the period of the Cold War, prior to 1999, the EU played a quite passive role in the own security area. According to the terms of a settlement, made in the early 1950s between the US and the Western European Union (WEU), the EU was a civilian institution, while the responsibility to assure security in Europe was laid upon NATO and WEU (Deighton, 720). In 1990s immense changes shook the Europe, forcing the EU to adapt to these historical changes. The fall of the Berlin Wall and re-uniting of Germany, the break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Iron Curtain, the collapse in Yugoslavia and the Balkan War – there are one of the major events of 1990s that changed the old European coordinate system. Since 1991 the role of NATO in the European security has been questioned, and in 1994 the European security and defence identity concept (ESDI) was developed as â€Å"a framework for combined joint task forces, coalitions of the willing for military security provision† (Deighton, 724). In 1997 the EU member states signed the Amsterdam Treaty, which provided the basis of development of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), of which European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) is a significant integral part. The political push for this progress was made by France and

Analyse and comment on the success Essay Example for Free

Analyse and comment on the success Essay Analyse and comment on the success of the title sequence of Baz Luhrmanns 1997 film adaptation of Romeo Juliet  The 1997 adaptation of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet by Baz Luhrmann was attempting to reach out to a younger audience by modernising the old play with new ideas, even though the old text was kept. Set in modern times with modern things that a young audience could relate to, Luhrmann successfully hauled Shakespeares text from 16th century Verona, Italy to late 20th century Miami, USA. The purpose of this essay is to review, analyse and comment on the use of Luhrmanns background to help him in making the movie, the success of the film but most importantly the cinematic success of the title scene. The location was specifically chosen to represent modern times. America was the most modern country available. Although Luhrmann wanted to shoot the film in Miami, it was seen by the mayor of Miami as unrealistic to put the city on hold while they shot the movie; Mexicos capital city, Mexico City was used instead. It had everything the crew needed, it had a typical city milieu; it was perfect. As the movie was going to be originally set in Miami, the characters had to at least look like they were from Miami. The Montague household wore very casual Hawaiian t-shirts, which were not buttoned up but hung loosely on the wearer. The Capulets wore very serious, cool clothes, mostly dark colours like black and grey. The choices of clothes used were to symbolise gangsters and mob mentality. from ancient grudge break to new mutiny were being portrayed by Luhrmann, as two rival gangs. Casting was very much a big thing in Luhrmanns version. He had to pick actors that young people could relate to. It was hard finding such actors, as the young and popular ones had problems reading Shakespeares diverse and complicated old English text. Luhrmann knew that Leonardo Di Caprio would be perfect for Romeo, as he was a heartthrob worldwide, and would bring in the young girls, who adored him. Throughout the movie we are shown images of power. These images are more abundant in the opening title scene. Images of guns, violence and police are shown to create an atmosphere of chaos and anarchy. The guns are used, again to create a modernised version of the old play. The guns represent the swords used by the people in the sixteenth century, and they are referred to as swords by the actors, put up thy swords. Religion is one of the main themes in the play, and Luhrmann uses many powerful images to show this in the opening title scene. Two statues of Jesus are filmed round about either side of the city. The statues are opposite each other with their faces facing inwards, as if looking over the people of Verona and keeping guard. Also the Christian crucifix is used to replace some of the Ts in the scripture which occasionally flash between the montage of images of police, violent riots and arrests; the scripture is repeating the important parts of the sonnet that opens the play. Cinematography is used to great effect in the opening scene. Zooming and panning left and right all help to create the effect of disorder and chaos. Before the title of the movie is actually shown there is a montage of images; each clip lasts only for a split second. Each clip is taken from the movie to show the audience that it isnt an old fashioned soppy love story, but a violent, tragic blockbuster. Using the scenes of gun fights and violence the montage really creates an adrenalin rush. The music and the backing track for the title scene really goes with the visual picture on the screen. Fast tempo gets the blood pumping and again it helps to cause chaos. It has real power as it builds up towards the end of the title scene; during the montage of images it speeds up and the power of it envelops you. Then finally we see the title of the movie and the music stops after a few seconds after the title falls into view and the audience is left in silence. In conclusion, considering all the areas of the title scene, Baz Luhrmann has successfully given birth to a fantastic opening to Romeo and Juliet. The title scene underlines key aspects of the sonnet which opens the play, to help the people in the audience who dont understand Shakespeare and even the ones who do. He introduces the principle characters, again to stop the audience from getting confused. The use of exciting images, such as the gun and the images of police and violence makes certain people in the audience stay and not walk out because they may believe it to be boring; many teenagers would believe Shakespeare to be boring. The opening scene had a very strong effect on me personally. It really made me want to see the movie again, even though I had already seen it about three times. The scene gripped me and not many title scenes have done that to me. Baz Luhrmanns version of Romeo and Juliet was a complete success.

Women in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and Taming of the Shrew E

During the early modern period, despite Queen Elizabeth’s powerful rule in the mid-sixteenth century, women in England had very few social, economic, and legal rights. According to the British system of coverture, a married man and wife became one person under the law, thus, â€Å"all the legal rights and responsibilities a woman had when she was single transferred to her husband upon marriage† (McBride-Stetson 189). Additionally, once married, the entirety of a woman’s property and wages came under the husband’s control; thus, in essence, women became the responsibility and property of their husbands (McBride-Stetson 189). Shakespeare, through his writings, illustrates the early modern period’s obsession with maintaining the legal subordination of women through marriage. Shakespeare’s leading lady in The Taming of the Shrew severely contrasts her obedient and demure sister and, in doing so, transcends the gender roles appropriated to her and , thus, must be tamed. In contrast, Much Ado About Nothing’s Hero plays the role of the ideal early modern woman until the nature of her chastity comes into question. Despite the fundamental differences between the characters of these two women, the financial and object-based language used to describe women as well as the institution of marriage in The Taming of the Shrew and Much Ado About Nothing demonstrate the early modern period’s view of women as pieces of property. The play introduces Petruccio as Katherine’s potential suitor before Petruccio, in fact, meets Katherine; however, Petruccio asserts, â€Å"I have thrust myself into this maze/ Happily to wive and thrive as I may† (1.2.52-53). Interestingly, Petruccio lists â€Å"wiving† as his first goal, followed by â€Å"thriving.† In a sense, the ... ...r to that of property and subject to male control. Clearly, the study of these plays serve as prime examples in demonstrating the effect of British common law during the early modern period as well as depicting the society’s anxieties in regards to maintaining the ultimate upper-hand in regards to women’s rights, or, lack thereof. Although Hero is, for the most part, painted as a virtuous character throughout Much Ado About Nothing, the question of her virtue is not only known to be a false-accusation to the audience, but her chastity is quickly restored at the end of the play. Likewise, Petruccio is able to remedy Katherine’s shrewish behavior into that of a young lady. Clearly, the plots of these plays as well as the repeated associations between women and one’s property overtly demonstrate a societal desire to maintain a sense of power and domination over women.

The Pilgrim’s Progress

If there is one book that tops the list of most translated books, surprisingly even more than the Bible, it is The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan, a famous religious writer in the English language. Bunyan is said to have a minimal proper education and a modest background, probably the reason for his simple, narrative, allegorical English writing style. It is also assumed that his learning of the English language may have come from his readings of the Bible since some parts of his book are being compared to the latter. He is regarded as a religious man who was put in jail for preaching without properly obtaining a license for such act. It was during his second time of imprisonment that the book, The Pilgrim’s Progress, materialized. The complete title of his book is The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to come. The first part was published in 1678 and the second part was in 1684. The first part of story is about a man named Christian who leaves his home upon reading in the book that he is holding that his house will burn down, but his family thinks he has gone mad. A man named Evangelist instead advised him to start his journey, passing from one mysterious place to another in search of redemption in the Celestial City. The second part engages his wife, the inspired Christiana, and their children following the same journey that he takes. The Pilgrim’s Progress is an intense Christian writing that has influenced generations, and making it as one of the Christian books in English widely read by both the young and adult readers, particularly for Christians who are taking the journey to achieve spirituality against the temptations of life. It is considered to be one of the greatest writings of English literature, and in that it has released more than one hundred copies in translated languages. II. Body A. Themes of the Poem 1. Major Themes a. Path to Salvation The philosophy of the story is that people do not reach heaven by practicing their religion and maintaining the good nature of one’s character, but rather they are particularly chosen by God to enter the gates of Heaven. However, a closer reading of the text also proves that a true believer must show that he is willing to face anything – obstacles or difficulties along the way – to achieve salvation, because even if chosen by God, he is not excused from worldly temptations around him. He is continuously tried everyday of his life to prove his devotion to Him. In real life, especially to the Catholic religion, this is not the case though. Catholics believe that to achieve salvation and witness Heaven one must be good to oneself, to other people, and repent for one’s sins aside from the fact that one must hold on to that religion by heart. Salvation or God, for that matter, do not choose people who will experience eternal gratification. Instead it is the people themselves who choose themselves to lead a life into the goodness of God. And through this, God opens his heart to those who believe in him and may eventually enter the gates of heaven. b. Faith over Family Since this is a Christian book, the reader may attempt to question if the actions of the protagonist Christian are ethically correct – choosing to pursue the path to salvation over staying with his family. The argument lies whether one should pursue what he thinks is right to his religious faith against his social responsibility of being a father to his family. Isn’t choosing social responsibility also ethically correct because it’s for a collective good? But as for the Catholics, we are also expected to take God first above all else as stated in the Ten Commandments. Therefore, the story takes its readers on a tug of war between faith and family significance. c. Lessons from Seeking Travel Journey has always been a wonderful experience for any person. And in this book, Bunyan clearly presents to us the relevance of finding oneself and growing within this journey that one seeks. Life may be rough because one learns from his mistakes as he goes through that journey, but these difficulties prepare him to be a worthy person to the gates of Heaven. He becomes not only a traveler but a pilgrim who seeks to grow spiritually. Christian here is described as a pilgrim who takes his mistakes as lessons and eventually learns from the experience so as not to commit the same mistakes again. Bunyan also points out that what makes a pilgrim different from a plain traveler is the understanding of the whole experience of journey. Our life today is already considered a personal journey towards self discovery. We are tested everyday as to how much faith we can keep inside of us against worldly temptations. However, with the current states of mind of different people, not everybody takes home a nugget of lesson and learn from it. Some people let themselves fall prey into the pitfalls of human weakness and be immersed in the world of sin. d. Significance of Reading The book emphasizes throughout the whole story why reading the Bible is significant in any Christian life. Like Christian’s readings, reading the Bible is one of the keys to achieving happiness and salvation because it shows us the ways to enter Heaven. Take for example the part where Christian is crying while holding a book firmly in his hands and finds out a fearful revelation that leads him to seeking God. That book is the Bible, revealing to him the pains and truths about life. Reading is not only acquiring knowledge. To read a book is to understand deeply what it says and apply it in our daily lives. To read the Bible is to be one with the words of God and to accept Him in our lives. e. Importance of Social Interaction If the first part of the books offers pilgrimage as an individual activity of Christian, the second part shows Christian’s wife, Christiana, who welcomes her own pilgrimage as a social activity, where more people get involved in the journey to salvation. It is Christiana’s strength as a socially active person that makes her pilgrimage a more productive one than Christian’s journey, because the former brings forth a communal force towards enlightenment. The story awakens in us the need for other people to share in our discovery for true salvation and how it makes it easier for all of us to closely work together in achieving happiness. 2. Minor Themes Bunyan also plays with some minor themes such as the value of suffering in one’s life, the perseverance required to an individual to win the pursuit to happiness and salvation, spirituality over material interests, and that only few could make it to the gates of Heaven. Most of all, it reminds us that as long as we keep our faith in God, his grace is sufficient enough to help us make it through the difficult journey in life. B. Comparison to the Bible Much has been discussed about the implications of the writings in the Bible with Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. Critics say the book is similar to the Bible with regard to its subjects, linguistic styles and techniques, symbolism or imagery as presented in the style and form of the Bible. For one, his English language is said to be the English of the Bible that one already sees all phrases as a natural expression or means of his own thoughts. He is relating the existing observation of a biblical approach in his book. He stands up to his use of allegory by requesting to look into to the patterns in the Bible. However, the book extends the significance of still writing religious texts in an artistic language: â€Å"Solidity indeed becomes the pen Of him that writeth things divine to men,† (Bunyan 4) Plus, he argues specifically about his use of allegory: But must I needs want solidness, because By metaphors I speak; was not God's laws, His gospel-laws in older time held forth By types, shadows and metaphors? Yet loth Will any sober man be to find fault With them, lest he be found for to assault The highest wisdom. † (Bunyan 4) He validates the belief that the Bible has become his model in writing since the text comes from God, the absolute power of knowledge. Another similarity that can be derived between the two texts is seen in this statement by Christian, â€Å"I sink in deep waters, the billows go over my head, all his waves go over me, Selah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bunyan 126). This quotation is adapted from Psalm 42:7, â€Å"He has sent waves of sorrow over my soul†, and Psalm. 9: 2, â€Å"I am sinking in deep mud, and there is no solid ground; I am out in deep water, and the waves are about to drown me. † (Good News Bible) It validates the argument that Bunyan knows his Bible very well, so as not be to be mistaken as accidental quotes. More is to be said about the relating qualities of Bunyan’s book with the Bible, it’s as if the words of the Bible are encrypted in his head, obviously making him als o the character in the pilgrimage – journeying, making mistakes, and learning from it until he achieves salvation. But far more important than anything else is the shared theme of Bunyan’s book and the Bible – to reveal the truth about the gates to salvation and eternal happiness. III. Conclusion While it has been suggested also that several other books may have been used as sources in The Pilgrim’s Progress, it is however clear that the book’s masterpiece is due to Bunyan’s creativeness and extensive knowledge of the words of the Bible. The subject of human life being a spiritual pilgrimage that each person has to pursue may have long been a subject for many other literary writings, but Bunyan’s wit and inventiveness makes the book as notable as the Bible. The book expresses a somber, deep, and serious tone all throughout the story in its vision of man’s journey to the gates of Heaven. The trials that these pilgrims have to face are rather traumatic but overwhelming. These obstacles are dealt with great patience and perseverance The two parts of the book are concentrated and drenched on the philosophical idea of puritanical salvation and the ultimate quest for eternal happiness. Ideas and themes presented are far more essential than the plot or the actions within the story. Its allegorical features make it a point for the reader to instill in his life the values that are shared, to understand the story rather than just merely reading it, and to live by it to attain the gratification of seeing the gates of Heaven open on him. And the realistic account, closer-to-life style brings weight to the inspiring reflections in the book. Like most of the writings of John Bunyan, his themes offer us spiritual guides, notes on personal awakenings from a dark past, answering the call to your personal or social duties, and the goodness we achieve from God’s graces. Among his many writings include The Holy War, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, and The Life and Death of Mr. Badman.

Brand sense Essay

In measuring the Brand Experience of the target segment, companies focus on the response and understanding of their customers and their reactions on the part of the particular five senses while handling the brand in question. Further, this array of experiences of the customer reveals the perception of the user extending the issue to question the self; about the identity or for using a certain brand, what image the customer gets about the self. Speaking strictly, who am I? This is a kind question that seeks the image or the perceived image of the person; thus, the personality. Relating the perceived image of the user and the brand in use; Brand Personality of the brand can be derived. In this entire process the essence of a brand can be identified by using different senses for different kinds of brand with need and experience of different customers, the employees involved with the brand and the particular target segments. To make a cross-section of this marketing idea; the unique presentation of the senses and the allied questions to the brand, can be observed in the brand sensory wheel that segregates the divisions of the total composition of the senses (Brand Sense, 2001). Source: Harvest Consulting Group LLC. The discovery of the sensory approach has enabled companies to unfold the essence of the current service and the possibilities of the future avenues. Author has logisised this that it will enrich the brand loyalty and makes the existing relationship deeper. Behind this happening, the five senses can play a crucial role. To know the fate of a brand conducting the sensory audit is a vital step to forecast the brand’s multiplication power on its sensory touch point. Ascertaining the brand’s stimuli, enhancement, and bonding capabilities, decides the execution of the above knowledge. The essence of this approach is the simple fundamental of including more senses to make the brand base stronger. We also follow this while evaluating the brand and its surroundings too. To explain, a visual encounter of Starbucks retail follows the suite bellow: Sight: Brand logo on building, cups, and bags Sight/Sound: Uniform and customer approach Sight/Sound/Touch: Interior aesthetics (sofa, colors, wall paper, music) Smell/Taste: Distinct aroma of freshly ground coffee This process also unveils the concept of smashability factor, which measures the strength of an individual sense for a brand and hoe much impact it can give. A real-time example of the application of the auditory sense reflects from the recent transformation of the Cadillac brand. For the hard penetration of the European and Japanese car makers into the American luxury car segment, Cadillac Source: brand papers. had to bear the burn of declining sales figure during late 80s and early 90s. To retrieve the brand from the grip of the downward graph, the same has been assessed, disassembled, reassembled, and re-positioned by late 90s. To do so, the brand invested in molecule analysis to create a new meaning to its design and market preference. This entire process has remodelled the brand from its â€Å"grandpa drove into a fast, sexy, and desirable product† concept to the recent Caddy commercial with Led Zeppelin playing â€Å"been a long time† that blaring out from the speaker (Brand papers, 2009). the innovation of the sensory branding has opened a plethora of concepts to associate the brand with the target group and it has no end to create feel factors. This is because, the central theme of this process is entirely depending on the nature, which again is the adobe of the man kind. Reference Brand Sense.(2001). Building Brands with Sensory Experiences. New York: Harvest Consulting Group LLC. Brand papers. (2009). Sensory Approach. Retrieved March 14, 2009, from http://images. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http://www. brandchannel. com/images/papers/272_gm_flagship_cl. gif&imgrefurl=http://www. brandchannel. com/papers_review. asp%3Fsp_id%3D680&usg=__eiohIvWqTVwC7vNmelzj2n_t4JQ=&h=315&w=400&sz=52&hl=en&start=14&um=1&tbnid=Ny3PU6pNRmcVVM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbrand%2Bsense%252BMartin%2BLindstrom%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1 Lindstrom, M. (2005). Brand Sense: Build Powerful Brands through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, and Sound. New York: Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group. Additional Reading Johnson, L. and Learned, A. (2004). Don’t think pink: what really makes women buy–and how to increase your share of this crucial market. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Ornbo, J. ; Sneppen, C. and Wurtz, P. F. (2008). Experience-Based Communication (illustrated). Springer.

How Mark Antony manipulates the crowd after the death of Caesar Essay Example

How Mark Antony manipulates the crowd after the death of Caesar Essay Example How Mark Antony manipulates the crowd after the death of Caesar Essay How Mark Antony manipulates the crowd after the death of Caesar Essay Julius Caesar the Roman tragedy was written by the famous English playwright William Shakespeare in the year of 1599. The play is based on factual events, such as the assassination of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. Although Julius Caesar is set in Rome over 2000 years ago it explores themes such as ambition, greed, superstition, revenge, assassination and the universal theme of politics most of which are relevant to the present day and Shakespeares own time, the Elizabethan era. Julius Caesar was assassinated; the link to the Elizabethan era for this would be that several plots to kill Queen Elizabeth I were carried out. The link to our own time in this instance is the assassination of JFK president of the United States of America. In all three scenarios the conspiracies were set against extremely powerful people who were in leading roles during their lives. It is because of these links that the play Julius Caesar appealed to the people in Shakespeares time. Shakespeares Globe theatre kept the audience engaged and produced plays that were relevant to them. The people of the Elizabethan era were superstitious people, subsequently Shakespeare wrote his plays with elements of superstition in them e.g. ghosts spirits. In his play Tempest he has numerous spirits. In Macbeth Macbeth kills the king and then later dies a horrible death himself. We know that the people of the Elizabethan era believed in the divine order which means that they believed kings or queens were appointed by god and therefore only god could remove them from the seat of power. Consequently if anyone tries to remove them they will die horrible deaths. Shakespeare wrote for three audiences: the plebeians in the play, the Elizabethan audience and the contemporary audience. However the Elizabethan audience was the main audience partly because there were a lot more of them than the other audiences and partly because Shakespeares globe theatre relied mostly on their reactions to make the plays seem more realistic and exciting. The Elizabethan audience would throw orange peels and the like at the actors if the actors were acting a part of the play that they did not like, mostly the Elizabethan audience would react in this way when the part of the play would go against their belief for instance the killing of Julius Caesar. Even though the play is named after him, Julius Caesar is by no means the main character because most of the play is based on events after his death. The monarch was replaced by the republic four hundred years prior to the events of the play, when the king of Rome had been removed. From then onwards the senate had led Rome. At the beginning of Julius Caesar Caesar has become so powerful that he himself controls the senate. It seems the senate will declare him king before long. The republicans are appalled because the senate which they are particularly proud of is being destroyed. The senate is a system of government with a very precise and sensible balance of power, not unlike the parliament we have today. With anticipation of Caesar becoming king a band of conspirators including Caesars close friend Marcus Brutus decide to kill him. Antony another great friend of Caesars is enraged at Caesars death and is determined to get revenge no matter what the cost. Domestic fury and fierce civil Strife shall cumber all the parts of Italy. He wants civil war to spread throughout the whole of Italy, and shows Antonys desire for revenge has no limits because he will effectively destroy a country in order to get vengeance. Furthermore Antony mentions Ate With Ate by his side, come hot from hell. Ate is the goddess of vengeance, disorder and mischief. Therefore, in mentioning her one can speculate how far Antony will go in order to get revenge. Antony plans to manipulate the plebeians into rising in mutiny to enable him to get revenge. Blood and destruction shall be so in use. Antony says that blood and destruction will be ordinary events. Blood and destruction are barbaric events and if they are to become normal events then there is no doubt in the fact Antony must mean to bring about mass carnage and war. The time following the death of Caesar is full of carnage and disorder as the republicans -including the conspirators- and Caesars supporters struggle for power. One can ask many questions: is there a form of government that the ordinary people are better off? There are really two forms of government dictatorship and the republic. Dictatorship may lead to the dictator becoming a ruthless tyrant due to the fact of having lots of power at their disposal. The republic however has a major disadvantage as well because it is understood that in a republic people are elected to represent the public, but the people who are elected to represent the public [senators] may not put forwards what the public may want them to but rather do something else to suit their own needs and desires. Other questions such as who would be queen Elizabeth I successor as she had no children of her own. The link to the play in this is that Caesar never had any children but he chose somebody else as his successor. The contemporary relevance of this is that in some countries that are lead in dictatorship e.g. in Saudi Arabia the king chooses a successor to take over after they cease to exist. This can also be relevant to countries that have a parliament but also have a monarchy e.g. England, someone else has to take the place of the monarch after the king or queen die. At Caesars funeral Brutus allows Antony to give a speech after delivering one himself despite Cassius warning. Brutus starts his speech with, Romans, countrymen and lovers. This shows that he is on the same side as the plebeians. Furthermore he speaks in prose on the basis that if he speaks on the level of speech the plebeians speak on they will accept him as one of their own. Not that I loved Caesar less, but I loved Rome more. Brutus is stating that he loves Rome more than he loved Caesar and is highlighting the fact that he is patriotic. In addition he uses balanced sentences throughout his speech for example, as he was valiant I honour him. Brutus appeals to reason and uses balanced sentences as a tool to justify his actions and consequently makes them seem much nobler and more sacrifice like. At the conclusion of his speech Brutus is certain he has won over the crowd. When a plebeian says, Let him be Caesar. This highlights how Brutus has managed to get the plebeians on to his side. Dr Stanley wells says regarding Brutus letting Antony speak second that Brutus makes his mistake by telling Antony to speak second and what he should have really done was let Antony speak first so he knew what he was up against. I disagree with Dr Stanley wells on his opinion that Brutus should let Antony speak first so as to know what he was dealing with because firstly I think that Brutus should not have let Antony speak at all because he never had any concrete proof that Antony was on his side. I further disagree with Dr Stanley wells on the same point when he says as to know what he was up against because Brutus being honourable never suspected that Antony would act against him therefore he would not feel the need to let Antony speak second to find out what he was up against. Antony speaks directly after Brutus and has a difficult task him as he speaks to a hostile crowd outside the Roman parliament where Caesar was stabbed to death. The crowd is hostile because Brutus has spoken to them justifying the killing of Caesar and being fickle they were thoroughly on his side. Before Antony even speaks one of the plebeians says Twere best he speak no harm of Brutus here. This shows that the plebeians are hostile but prepared to listen. However Antony has the crowds attention because Brutus tells them to listen to him [Antony]. Secondly Antony enters carrying Caesars body which is used as a dramatic device which enables Antony to capture everyones attention. Antony begins his speech by saying, Friends, Romans, countrymen. He uses flattery to soothe the hostile crowd and to get them on his side. Antony also uses Caesars corpse as a plea for sympathy, which makes the plebeians feel sympathetic towards him. Antony uses the word honourable which is Brutuss best attribute, he was faithful and just to me, but Brutus says he was ambitious, And Brutus is an honourable man. Antony uses the word honourable describing Brutus after giving reason that Caesar was not ambitious. When the poor have cried Caesar hath wept; ambition should be made out of sterner stuff. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. Antony uses repetition of the word honourable and taints Brutuss greatest attribute. In addition Antony involves the plebeians when he says that when the poor have cried Caesar has wept, Antony says this to make Caesar appear not to be ambitious but also to make the plebeians feel pity for Caesar and dislike his killers. After each stage of using the word honourable Antony manipulates the crowd. Antony uses rhetorical questions which state Caesar was not ambitious after giving reason to believe Caesar was not ambitious. Was this ambition? Antony successfully manipulates the plebeians in to thinking Caesar has been wronged. If thou consider rightly of the matter, Caesar has had great wrong. Antony uses sarcasm when he says honourable because really he is saying they are dishonourable, because the word honourable does not fit in with murderers. Antony gives four reasons as evidence when showing the plebeians Caesar was not ambitious. Firstly he says that Caesar was his friend faithful and just to him. Secondly he mentions that Caesar has bought many captives home to Rome. Thirdly Antony says that when the poor have cried Caesar too has cried. Lastly he says that he presented Caesar with a kingly crown three times which Caesar turned down and refused. Antony uses these four reasons as evidence that Caesar was not ambitious because the things Caesar does in them do not match with the deeds an ambitious person would do but rather a kind, merciful and loving person. Antony deals with Caesars worst point his desire to become king by simply saying, I thrice presented him a kingly crown, which he did thrice refuse. Antony is saying if Caesar wanted to become king he would surely have accepted the crown I offered him, and I did not only offer him the crown once, I offered it to him three times which Caesar refused. After Antony says he offered the crown and Caesar turned it down he uses a rhetorical question. Was this ambition? The rhetorical question gives the plebeians a moment to absorb what Antony has said, it gives them an opportunity to decide whether or not it was ambition. Furthermore Antony makes his point before asking the rhetorical question so what he said will be fresh in the plebeians head when they are given a chance in their minds to decide whether or not it was ambition. Antony mentions examples of Caesars noble and generous behaviour for example the fact that he freed many captives. He hath bought many captives home to Rome, whose ransom did the general coffers fill. Antony uses this example of Caesars generous behaviour to force the plebeians to revise their opinion of Caesar. Antony mentions Caesars noble behaviour When the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept. Antony makes out that Caesar loved the people of Rome in order to make the plebeians view Caesar in good light. Antony then uses a dramatic pause to extend his hold over the crowd with the power of emotion, My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause till it come back to me. Furthermore, Antony uses the dramatic pause as a way to see by how much he has one the crowd but more importantly let the crowd absorb and reflect upon what he has said. Antony is rewarded for using the dramatic pause by a plebeian saying, Methinks there is much reason in his sayings. For Antony this is an indicator on how far he has manipulated the crowd. Antony uses Caesars will as a prop, But heres a parchment with the seal of Caesar; I found it in his closet tis his will. Antony uses the will as a delaying tactic to hold the crowds curiosity, the will is the climax of Antonys speech because it is when Antony mentions the will the plebeians become most interested. The will, the will! We will hear Caesars will! furthermore divine order is mentioned, And dip their napkins into his sacred blood. Antony is clever to play on the plebeians superstition because the Romans believed in divine order. Antony mentions the word sacred as a reference to divine order and reminds the plebeians of their belief in the fact that if they do not do something about the removal of a person appointed by god they will die horrible deaths. Antony tells the plebeians that he does not intend to read out the contents of the will. Which pardon me I do not mean to read. However he tells the enough about the will to make them determined to hear the whole of its contents. Tis a good thing you know not that you are his heirs. Furthermore Antony informs them of how they should react when they hear the will. It will inflame you, it will make you mad. When the plebeians demand that Antony read out the will it gives him a chance to further his hold over them. And let me show you him that made the will. Antony then goes on to ask Shall I descend?, will you give me leave? Antony makes the plebeians think they are controlling him and the situation by asking their permission to descend. When the plebeians give him permission to descend Antony brings himself physically to their level unlike Brutus who used a different tactic namely speaking in prose. Once Antony has descended to the level of the plebeians he proceeds to say, If you have tears prepare to shed them now. Again here Antony gives the commoners ideas of what they should do and what he expects from them. Antony lies when he pretends to know who made which cut on Caesars cloak he does this to make the scene more dramatic, the murder more gruesome and the conspirators more treacherous. Look, in this place ran Cassius dagger through: see what a rent the envious Casca made. Antony mentions how close Brutus was to Caesar, For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel. This was the unkindest cut of all, for when the noble Caesar saw him stab, in gratitude more strong than traitors arms. Antony describes the closeness between Brutus and Caesar to highlight how dire the level of treachery was. Antony uses positive adjectives to describe Caesar saying he was a good man. Quite vanquishd him: then burst open his mighty heart. Antony counteracts what Brutus says [in balanced sentences] about the killing of Caesar being more an elegant sacrifice than cold blooded murder. Here, is himself, marrd, as you see with traitors. Antony says that the conspirators mutilated and disfigured Caesar and consequently rejoiced in the act of killing him. Antony finally destroys Brutuss most valued attribute [honour], I fear I wrong the honourable men whose daggers have stabbd Caesar, I do fear it. After Antony says this the plebeians realise that Brutus and his fellow conspirators are not honourable men. They were traitors, honourable men! In saying this Antony effectively stripped Brutus of his greatest attribute. Antony uses flattery while bringing about the subject of mutiny Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up to a sudden flood of mutiny. Antony then goes on to say They are wise and honourable. Antony is being sarcastic because he already knows that the plebeians think badly of the conspirators, Let not a traitor live. Antony makes out that he is not an orator and is not good at giving speeches. For I neither have wit, nor words, nor worth, Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech. I am no orator as Brutus is, but you all know me as a plain blunt man. Antony is trying to make himself seem plain and simple while at the same time by saying Brutus is the orator and therefore he is the manipulative one. Antony makes out that he is simple in order to give his words more standing. Furthermore if he was to make out he was clever and good at delivering speeches then the plebeians might not trust him because they might suspect him of trying to manipulate them. Antony points out that Brutus is the orator and he himself is a simple man. Antony says Brutus will try and manipulate you in to doing his will but he himself is again feeding ideas of mutiny to the plebeians. But were I Brutus, and Brutus Antony there were an Antony would ruffle up your spirits and put a tongue in every wound of Caesar that should move the stones of Rome to rise and mutiny. After using Caesars will as a delaying tactic Antony finally reveals the contents in a final effort to make the plebeians riot with maximum possible intensity. To every several man, seventy-five drachmas. In that time seventy-five drachmas would be quite a lot of money to a commoner as a result the plebeians would be overwhelmed with gratitude and would want to avenge Caesars death straight away with renewed intensity. However Antony increases the intensity and the sense of gratitude by further adding, He hath left you all his walks Antony mentions a few things like private arbours and newly planted orchards then he says He hath left them to you and your heirs forever. Antony uses the body of Caesar to move the citizens Come, away, away! Well burn his body in the holy place. The citizens move to cremate Caesar but in going they are up and running ready to mutiny And with the brands of fire burn the traitors houses. This highlights Antonys success in manipulating the crowd. While standing over Caesars corpse Antony said, Cry havoc and lets slip the dogs of war. This is just what Antony has achieved. One can say the plebeians are like sheep when one moves they all move. Antony was successful in manipulating the crowd because he appealed to emotion which is very powerful and can if applied correctly make people believe and follow you rather quickly. In addition, Antony uses a dramatic pause, dramatic device [Caesars corpse], delaying tactic when mentioning Caesars will to keep the plebeians attention and he makes out that he is not an orator consequently giving his words credibility and makes them seem like they have come straight from his heart. Antony was successful because he uses a variety of language techniques ranging from repetition to the use of rhetorical questions. It helped Antony that Brutus appealed to the reason of the crowd which in contrast to emotion is weak. Furthermore it further helps Antony that Brutus decides to speak first so then Antony knew what he is up against and how best to counteract what Brutus had said. Julius Caesar is relevant today for many reasons one of them is that like Antony many of the politicians these days manipulate people. Take Tony Blair and George Bush for example they used repetition when talking about weapons of mass destruction and saying they were going to help the civilians of Iraq, while all the while just like Antony appealing to emotion to get their way. Antony is your typical politician, although the circumstances were different then and Antony had a different goal which was to make the plebeians riot the overall goal is exactly the same manipulating people in order to get their own way.

Witness report 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Witness report 3 - Research Paper Example This served as an encouragement to the audience because I told them that making a choice to surrender their life to Christ was the best way to enjoy His love and sacrifice. However, I made it clear I would not force them to make the choice, and they were free to make their decision when they were ready because God’s timing is the best timing. I told them that receiving Jesus Christ as their savior was a personal choice, and whoever chose to do so would marvel and share in the great love of our Father in heaven. They would suffer no more from worldly afflictions as they would see life from in a new perspective as a child of God (Westcott 2003, 64). Some of the listeners had their objections as they commented that they were not sure of love and freedom it would bring. My answer to them was that faith was what they needed as I quoted Hebrews 11:6. At the end of my witness, I asked for those interested in giving their to life to God to step forward and pray with me as they professed their acceptance of God’s love and will upon their lives. A few of them came, and we prayed together, and they accepted to live in the light of the word of

The role of play in the curriculm for young children with special Term Paper

The role of play in the curriculm for young children with special needs - Term Paper Example It is believed that such pedagogy enables young children to begin the process of early learning (Open University, 2009). During play, â€Å"children demonstrate improved verbal communications, high levels of social and interaction skills, creative use of play materials, imaginative and divergent thinking skills and problem-solving capabilities† (Wood, 2004, p. 21). Play offers many benefits. It engages the mind to actively imagine various scenarios for fun or for problem-solving. Babies and toddlers display play in motion and we observe that they do it to get to know their world – how things work, how people react, etc. They get to explore and discover things that otherwise they will not learn about if they do not actively engage in play. Free exploration is considered Heuristic play by Holland (2003). It is encouraged without adult intervention. Adults simply provide simple materials and allow the child to just be and let his imagination take off . â€Å"The child lea rns from observing directly what these objects will ‘do’ or ‘not do’, in sharp contrast to much of the ‘educational’ equipment which has a result predetermined by the design which has been devised by the adult maker (Holland, 2003, p. 142). Heuristic play will not only stimulate a child’s thinking, but it also develops his creativity as he will see in his mind endless possibilities in imaginatively transforming ordinary objects into various things with various functions. Play has value in all the developmental areas of children (Macintyre, 2003). Unwittingly, children delight in games that stimulate thinking. Such cognitive benefits extend to their real lives as they make decisions, compare and contrast things, use their imaginations and thinking critically and creatively. Play also engages the body. Certain games involve gross and fine motor coordination. It also helps to expend the stored energy within them, willing to be set free. Run ning around, jumping, tumbling and other physical activities help them be physically fit as well as release tension. Active play develops their muscles, agility, flexibility and endurance. It is the foundation of one’s potential for certain sports. Socially, play coaxes a shy child outside his shell. Play fosters the development of friendships. As children play with other children or adults, they get to know about how other people behave, think and feel. They also get to learn socially acceptable behavior like not hurting others and playing fair. Most importantly, they get to know themselves better- how they react to certain situations in the play setting. Vygotsky (1978) believed that children’s intellectual development is influenced more by social context than by individual experiences. His theory places a great deal of emphasis on effective social interaction. Bingham (2008) cites Vygotsky (1978) as he writes: â€Å"Play creates a zone of proximal development of th e child. In play the child always behaves beyond his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself." He defined the ZPD as the distance between a child’s independent problem-solving level and that obtained under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers (Wertsch, 1985). A young learner’s exposure to peers, teachers and other adults and learning materials greatly influences his development. â€Å"Such cognitive apprenticeships are, of course, inherently reliant on a

Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Laws - Essay Example Albeit there was considerable opposition to Miranda warnings for more than fourteen years after the decision, these days, little practical impediment exists in the police ability to procure a confession. In Dickerson v United States, the fact that law enforcement groups did not en masse, file amicus briefs urging the court to overturn Miranda showed how much things have changed since 1968, when law enforcement lobbies prevailed in Congress to enact an unconstitutional statute (18 U.S. Code sec. 3501), which purported to overturn Miranda. As detailed by Sociologist Richard Leo (university of California-Irvine), â€Å"police use a variety of deceptive techniques to extract confessions these days. Because the confessions are not â€Å"coercive† (according to judicial interpretation), the resulting confessions are almost always admitted into evidence†. (Leo) Why do so many people confess? Professor Leo explains the incidence thusly: that suspects are often put into a physic al environment –such as a small isolated room-which is designed to make them talk. After the isolation, the appearance of a police officer may seem like a welcome form of human contact, then the police routinely deliver the Miranda warnings in a perfunctory tone of voice and ritualistic behavioral manner, effectively conveying that these warnings are little more than a beaucratic triviality. (Leo)

Breaking Down Barriers to Excellence (operations management)2 Assignment

Breaking Down Barriers to Excellence (operations management)2 - Assignment Example For the consultants to effectively implement change, the organization should create a supporting environment, resources, and training, articulate a precise direction together with clear expectations, and engage its management and reinforce new behaviors. This should also include finding synergy among groups, providing them with what they need, as well as coordinating efforts to achieve given goals. According to Proctor & Doukakis, (2003), it requires a savvy technology adoption scheme that ties training, sponsorship, workflow harmonization, communication, reinforcement, and user support with the business priorities. The best management structure in this context will be the use of departmental managers, where the C-level executive will be the Chief Information Officer. The consultancy should be a profit center for the reason that, the only true profit in an institution is realized when the external customer gives money to the organization to exchange for a good or service. If the consultancy truly needs to make profit, it will focus its efforts on making interactions as efficient and effective as possible. The leadership structure in this organization is a horizontal one. This management structure can be related to quality management in a work place, where employees find themselves in work settings with colleagues of diverse generations with different but motivate values, work styles, and goals (Thiagarajan & Zairi, 1997). Multigenerational workplaces are a source of positive challenge, significant growth, and business opportunities if effectively managed and leveraged to meet the goals of an organization. Examples include factors such as respectful communication, sound lifestyle decisions, and functional literacy. Thiagarajan, T., & Zairi, M. (1997). A review of total quality management in practice: understanding the fundamentals through examples of best practice applications-Part I. The TQM Magazine, 9(4),

Autocratic-Democratic Continuum Model

Autocratic-Democratic Continuum Model Leadership This review begins with various definitions of leadership. It then introduces different styles of leadership from a variety of authors. The issue of leadership is an important issue that has intrigued many theoreticians and practitioners over the years, leading to much research and study. There is no one accepted definition of leadership, although there are many opinions put forward. Sergiovanni, (2001) suggests a moral substance to leadership, leadership is, after all, a struggle a quest to do the right thing. Yukl describes the bigger picture regarding the leadership of one person over many Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person [or group] over other people [or groups] to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organization. (1994, p3) The group plays an important part in leadership theory, which i will discuss in more detail later in the chapter. Bass gives leadership a positive connotation and defines it as an instrument of goal achievement where leadership is viewed as constructive behaviours pursuing group goals. (1990, p15-16) This is developed further with an autocratic perspective by (Gardner, 1990; Riches, 1994, 1997) suggesting that Leadership is the process in which a person exerts influence over individuals and groups through goal setting or activities. Smircich and Morgan develop the group thinking by highlighting the active involvement of followers in allowing leaders to take on an influencing role. They state Leadership is an obligation or perceived right on the part of certain individuals to define the reality of others. (1982, p258) In modern society organisations have become more accountable, organisational leadership has came to the forefront and is one of the most researched and analysed topics in the area of organisational development (Chapman, 1993). Research found that good leadership plays a vital role in creating the culture that enhances learning in schools (Brundrett Terrell, 2004). Successful leadership is invariably linked to school effectiveness. In the many lists produced by researchers, firm leadership (Reynolds 1991), professional leadership (Sammons et al. 1995) and outstanding leadership (Levine Lezotte 1990) are identified as major factors contributing to school effectiveness. Leadership has also been shown to have an impact upon school improvement processes (Leithwood Steinbach, 1993; Stoll Fink, 1996) and an effect upon school outcomes (Hallinger Heck, 1998; Southworth, 2001). For schools, the qualities of leadership and management are a crucial element in striving for effectiveness (Sammones, Thomas, Mortimore, Owen, Pennell and Hilman, 1994). Teddlie and Reynolds indicate that leadership is usually provided by the headteacher or principal, they found that leadership is now centrally synonymous with school effectiveness for many, including many operating within school improvement paradigm (Teddlie Reynolyds, 2000:141). As such, the ability to set clear organisational goals has been found to be a relevant variable linking leadership and school effectiveness. Leadership Theories Development through history They are many theories on leadership which have been developed over the years and surely many more to follow. Here is a brief summary of the theory behind the subject. The individual leader, they are people who have always been scrutinised throughout history, this scrutiny has brought about The great man theory, the view that leaders are born and not made, this implies that the process of selection of leaders is crucial, and that training and development in leadership has no outcome. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, however, a series of qualitative reviews of these studies (e.g., Bird, 1940[8]; Stogdill, 1948[9]; Mann, 1959[10]) prompted researchers to take a drastically different view of the driving forces behind leadership. In reviewing the extant literature, Stogdill and Mann found that while some traits were common across a number of studies, the overall evidence suggested that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations. Subsequently, leadership was no longer characterized as an enduring individual trait, as situational approaches (see alternative leadership theories below) posited that individuals can be effective in certain situations, but not others. This approach dominated much of the leadership theory and research for the next few decades. Trait Theory, this claims that certain personality traits determine success in leadership. Stogdill (1969) found that some personality traits were common to successful leaders, there has been difficulty in identifying them consistently and agreeing definitions of personality traits. Situation theory is based on the view that leadership cannot be examined away from the group over which leadership is being exercised. The view is that leadership is a group phenomenon which will vary according to situations and over time. Also, leadership is not a one way process of influence. Leaders are influenced by followers as well as vice versa. The studies that were carried out tended to be in small ad hoc groups in controlled settings (eg Lippett and White). Leadership styles, there are two ways of analysing styles of leadership: one is on the range from autocratic to democratic, which i jave chosen as my focus for my action research project, and is associated with the work of Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973). The other is based on the relative dominance in a leader of concern for people and relationships or concern for production or results; this theory is associated with Blake and Mouton (1964). They also explained that The point to be emphasised here is that managerial styles are not fixed. They are not unchanging. They are determined by a range of factors. Many are subject to modification through formal instruction or self training. (Blake and Mouton, 1964 p.13) Behaviour theory is based on ten work of Halpin who suggests that leaders do two main things: Initiate structures: establish goals, set up channels of communication, establish procedures and review processes. Consider others: create a climate of trust, respect and warmth Halpin suggests that effective leadership is associated with high performance on both points. Contingency theories are complex, they recognise the interaction of leaders and their environments. They are two models: The model developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1977) identifies both directive and supportive behaviour in a leader, which can be modified according to the level of development, experience and commitment of the subordinate. The model developed by Fiedler (1967) combines an analysis of the leaders style (people or production?) with an analysis of three variables of the situation which can be seen as favourable or unfavourable to the leader, e.g. the level of formal authority. Fiedlers research indicates that a task orientated leader is best suited to a situation that is particularly favourable or unfavourable and that a people orientated leader is more effective where the situation is not particularly favourable or unfavourable. Action Leadership was developed from Contingency Theory by Adair (1984) who suggested that there were three main dimensions to leadership. These were; a concern for task, a concern for the team or group and a concern for individuals. Effective leaders will pay attention to all three dimensions. Adair then identifies a set of key actions which all leaders must perform in respect of each of these three dimensions. Leadership and Management Leadership tends to be equated with vision and values and management with processes and structures: Leadership and management are not synonymous terms. One can be a leader without being a manager. One can, for example, fulfil many of the symbolic, inspirational educational and normative functions of a leader and thus represent what an organization stands for without carrying any of the formal burdens of management. Conversely, one can manage without leading. An individual can monitor and control organizational activities, make decisions, and allocate resources without fulfilling the symbolic, normative, inspirational, or educational functions of leadership. (Schon, 1984, p. 36) Here the differentiation is not intended to distinguish between roles. Schon goes on to say that since we generally expect managers to lead, it may be permissible to treat management and leadership as one, although he does identify the concepts of: management as science and the art of managing. This latter concept may have more in common with leadership. In the classic research of Lewin et al. (1939) at the University of Iowa, three leadership behaviours, or styles, were examined: the autocratic, the democratic, and the laissez-faire. It was found that the autocratic style tends to centralise authority and dictate work methods, while the democratic style tends to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation, and use feedback to coach employees. Of the three, the laissez-faire style was found to be ineffective in every performance criterion. This original research of Lewins greatly influenced other studies conducted after World War II. The most significant of these studies were performed by the Ohio State Group (Shartle, 1949, 1950; Fleishman, 1953; Halpin and Winer, 1957; Hemphill and Coons, 1957), as well as took  place at the University of Michigan (Katz, Maccoby and Morse, 1950; Katz, Maccoby, Gurin and Floor, 1951; Katz and Kahn, 1952). All these studies found that leadership displaying concern for people produced better results than that displaying concern for production. The Ohio State Group formulated dimensions of consideration and initiating structure. The first of these signifies the extent that the working relationships a leader has with subordinates is characterised by mutual trust and respect for group members ideas and feelings. The latter signifies the extent that a leader is likely to define and structure her/his role and the roles of group members for the sake of seeking goal attainment. The Michigan studies spoke of employee orientation and production orientation. The former emphasises the extant that a leader values interpersonal relationships and accepts individual differences among subordinates; this is associated with high group productivity. The second emphasises the extent to which a leader values the technical or task aspects of the job and is concerned with accomplishing the groups tasks; this is associated with low group productivity and low job satisfaction. Autocratic leadership The Autocratic Leadership Style was first described by Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1938, along with the democratic leadership and the laissez-faire leadership styles. The autocratic leadership style is sometimes referred to as the directive leadership style. Autocratic leadership can be said to be synonymous to dictatorship where only one person has the authority over the followers or workers. Their decision has to be taken as the golden rule and should never be questioned. They plan out everything and order their subordinates to work according to their rules. For instance, if a company has an autocratic leader as the Managing Director, the employees in the company would have to work as per the rules set down by him. They would not be expected to make any contribution from their side, which may actually help in enhancing the productivity of the company. In short, the autocratic leader has full control of those around him and believes to have the complete authority to treat them as he wants. The premise of the autocratic management style is the belief that in most cases the worker cannot make a contribution to their own work, and that even if they could, they would not. According to Douglas McGregor this belief system leads to the mindset of Theory X (Dessler 37). McGregor believes Theory X workers have no interest in work in general, including the quality of their work. Professor Henry Daryanto interprets McGregors theory as mangers dealing with this theory by using carrots and sticks. The carrot is usually a monetary incentive, such as piece-rate pay schemes while the stick is docking pay for poor quality or missed production targets (Daryanto). It appears only money and threats can motivate the lazy, disinterested worker. The natural management style for a manager with this Theory X belief system would be to favour is the autocratic management style. Autocratic managers attempt to control work to the maximum extent possible. A major threat to control is complexity. Complex jobs are more difficult to learn and workers who master such jobs are scarce and possess a certain amount of control over how the job is done. An autocratic managers attempt to simplify work to gain maximum control. Autocratic managers prefer a strict top-down; chain-of-command approach to management be practiced. Management style is a term that refers to the nature of the relationship between managers and non-managerial employees. It includes not only the personal relationship between people but also the style of communication and the attitudes that managers have of employees and the attitudes they generate in employees. The term leadership is sometimes used. This refers to the ways in which managers achieve the attitudes and actions of their employees. Usually the actions desired are those which lead to the achievement of organizational objectives. A form of leadership therefore implies a style of management. One particular style of management is autocratic, which our learning team sometimes refers to it as antiquated. The autocratic style of management is based on the use of coercion as a means of control in an attempt to force employees to behave in a particular way. The response of employees to such coercion is seen to be extremely authoritative, that is they will do as they are told because the alternative may be unemployment. Another reaction by an employee to this autocratic style is they might only do the absolute minimum required of them to retain their jobs. Clearly productivity in such an organization will not be very high. Military and law enforce1ment organizations historically operate within an autocratic style of management, but this is seen as necessary in the situation in which they operate. Because of this acceptance resentment should not arise since there is an accepted of style of management in these organizational forms. Our learning team believes not only should a style of management be chosen according to the type of organization, it should be chosen to suit the particular situation in a given organization. For example the means of dealing with a disciplinary matter will differ from that used in a problem-solving situation. The style of management of routine day to day activities will differ from the management of project and design activities. Managers must therefore choose a management style to suit the situation. Our team also criticizes the autocratic style and suggests that such a style will lead to conflict, low motivation and low productivity. We all advocate a more democratic style of management. This does not mean management by committee or making decisions by democratic voting, it means involving people in organizations in some aspects of the running of the organization. The communication style of an autocratic leader is usually described as one way. They tell you exactly what they want done. The feedback you would get from this type of leader would generally be unplanned. They would simply tell you when youve made a mistake. The decision making process is usually unilateral and they accomplish goals by directing people. Now that might not sound like the type of leader youd follow, but there are actually situations when this style is effective. In the workplace, some conditions may simply call for urgent action, and in these cases an autocratic style of leadership may be best style to adopt. Surprisingly, most workers have already worked for an autocratic leader and therefore have little trouble adapting to that style. In fact, in times of stress or emergency some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style they prefer to be told exactly what to do. So to summarize the autocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful, but very stressful during those times when the pressure is off the followers or coworkers. Though autocratic leadership style is tyrannical, it has proved to be very efficient during certain situations and conditions. Autocratic leadership works positively during emergency and stressful situations. When such situations arise in a company or organization, most people are confused and are not able to reach a common solution. During such times, having an autocratic leader would be great as he would take the reins in his hand and would direct the workers or employees to move forward. For instance, there is a terrorist attack at some place and the soldiers have to rescue innocent people from there. If many people try to give solutions, it may take time and the mission may end in failure. In such situations, having one autocratic person to command the rest of the group on how to go about with the mission can lead to success. Another situation where the autocratic leadership style proves appropriate is while doing group projects. Many group projects tend to fail because group members depend on each other to make decisions. Such situations demand the need of an authoritative leader who can make decisions for the group. The leader should determine the ways in which the project would be done, divide the job among the members, and also set a deadline for completion of the project. Autocratic leadership may have its benefits, however, in most cases it is seen as something that is undesirable. Autocratic leadership style promotes a one sided conversation and due to this the creative and leadership skills of the employees become restrictive. As the leader would have all the authority, there is a chance that he would exploit his employees. There have been cases where an authoritative employer has fired employees because they showed the courage of disagreeing with him. It is also said that having an autocratic leader hinders workplace communication and socialization. It is very important to have a cordial work environment, where everyone is friendly. It can also give rise to disagreements and conflicts, if a group or company is led by an autocratic leader. In the military and other urgent circumstances, people may prefer the ability to be told what do next. According to Money Zine, In fact, in times of stress or emergency, some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic stylethey prefer to be told exactly what to do. The autocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful. Lengthy debate has no place in many work environments, and this form of leadership limits arguments. It allows employees to have one task, and that is to work, which could mean that the employees master their tasks and become proficient enough to help grow the company. This method of leadership may lead to more pressure from the boss on the rest of the employees, who then push back against the management method. Theft and other issues may arise because of a lack of workplace satisfaction. According to Smart Entrepreneur, This is one of the least desirable when it comes to building trusting relationships and making friends. In this system, one person has control over all of the workers or followers. Making friends is an important part of life, and if this is destroyed, it can create an unhappy environment. This translates to the quality of work, and not being seen as human can cause more resistance to new aspects of the job. A little autonomy and social appeal can make a difference in retaining good workers. 1.3 Participatory Leadership The premise of the participatory management style is the belief that the worker can make a contribution to the design of their own work. The belief system that lead managers to this conclusion was originally put forth as a management theory by McGregor, who called it Theory Y. Theory Y advocates believe that workers are internally motivated. They take satisfaction in their work, and would like to perform at their best. Symptoms of indifference are a result of the modern workplace, which restricts what a worker can do and separates him from the final results of his efforts. It is managements job to change the workplace so that the worker can, once again, recapture his pride of workmanship. Elements of Theory Y are evident in Demings discussion of the role of a manager of people, presented earlier. Managers who practice the participatory style of management tend to engage in certain types of behaviour. To engage the workers they establish and communicate the purpose and direction of the organization. This is used to help develop a shared vision of what the organization should be, which is used to develop a set of shared plans for achieving the vision. The managers role is that of a leader. By her actions and words she shows the way to her employees. She is also a coach, evaluating the results of her peoples efforts and helping them use the results to improve their processes. She works with the leaders above her in the organization to improve the organizations systems and the organization as a whole. 1.4 Democratic Leadership The Democratic Leadership Style was first described by Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1938 along with the autocratic leadership and the laissez-faire leadership styles. They distinguished democratic leadership from autocratic and laissez-faire styles, arguing that democratic leaders relied upon group decision making, active member involvement honest praise and criticism, and a degree of comradeship. By contrast, leaders using the other styles were either domineering or uninvolved. Kariel (1956) argues that Lewins notion of democracy is manipulative and elitist and not democratic. The dynamics of democratic leadership, however, are not well understood. In fact, there is no clear and well-developed definition of the term within academia. In a classic review, Gibb (1969, p258) lamented the fact that the basic psychological meaning of democratic leadership had nowhere been spelled out. Twenty years later, Miriam Lewin (1987) agreed. repeating Kurt Lewins earlier call for a better understanding of the detailed nature of democratic leadership and followership through social science research (p. 138). The democratic style was also included by Daniel Goleman in 2002 as one of his six leadership styles. In Bass (1990, 19-20) handbook on leadership a definition is provided: Leadership is an interaction between two or more members of a group that often involves a structuring or restructuring of the situation and the perceptions and expectations of the membersLeadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of others in the group. Any member of teh group can exhibit some amount of leadership Bass further argues that Leadership is behaviour, not position and this can be said of the democratic method of leadership. The democratic leader gives followers a vote in nearly every decision the team makes. The process involved with being a democratic leader is very time consuming because decisions are nearly always made together. The democratic leadership style is able to quickly build flexibility and responsibility and can help identify new ways to do things. This leadership style is best used when the followers are knowledgeable about the organizations process and change is needed. For example, this style is used when the leader needs to introduce fresh ideas into the organization to help with an old process. Lewin, Lippitt and White were one of the first to categorize leadership styles in terms of behavioral characteristics. Prior to their work, leadership traits were the focus of leadership studies. Under democratic leadership, the people have a more participatory role in the decision making process. One person retains final say over all decisions but allows others to share insight and ideas. Most of all, democratic leaders must seek to make members into leaders (Theilen Poole, 1986). This is often a highly effective form of leadership. People are more likely to excel in their positions and develop more skills when they feel empowered, and people are empowered when they are involved in the decision-making process. Although it may take some time to achieve full participation from a group, the end result will be rewarding if you can manage to establish a power-sharing environment in your group project. You will find that democratic practices often lead to a more productive and higher quality work group. Examples of democratic leadership: Asking all group members for ideas and input. Voting on the best course of action in a project. Asking group members to work with their strengths and provide input on how to divide the work. ]li]Enabling members to work at their own pace and set their own deadlines. Pitfalls of Democratic Leadership It doesnt take too much imagination to think of ways that democratic leadership could backfire during a group project. As you probably know, some members of a group will work well on their own and complete all work in a timely fashion. But there are other workers who will procrastinate-and that can lead to disaster. If you are a natural democratic leader, it might be necessary to learn some traits of the autocratic or bureaucratic leaders and tap into them as necessary. Always have a backup plan on hand! Undemocratic leadership styles can result in a variety of undesirable outcomes: dependent and apathetic followers (Barber. 1984 Heifetz Sinder. 1987; Manz Sims. 1989; White Lippitt, 1960). In addition, undemocratic leadership can undermine the pursuit of ethical ideals, such as self-determination, personal development and democratic decision making (Barber, 1984: Sashkin, 1984). 1.5 Laissez-faire leadership Laissez faire style simply means a delegate approach to leadership. Many researchers have found out that those children who grow under laissez-faire leadership establishments, happen to be the less productive in any group. This was also reinforced by these children making more demands upon their leader, as researchers have come to ascertain, amidst showing little in terms of cooperation as well as the inability to work more independently. Most laissez faire styles offer no or very little guidance to the members of the same group, amidst leaving the making of decisions to other group members. As much a it could be overtly effective in those situations where most employees or members happen to be highly qualified and skilful in their area experience and know-how, it has often led to poor roles definition plus a sheer lack in motivation. In this leadership style, the head or leader onlysets that overall priority or instruction, where then he gets out of the way so that things can be left to run on their own. With the usage of this leadership style, the leader just accepts wholesome responsibility for many of the decisions that come into fruition, though the decision-making has been left to his team. Also, the team members are also left to evaluate, analyse and transform issue and all problems just as they come. Laissez faire is very appropriate for mature and acute senior teams, which have a track record of proof and have confidence in handling lots of issues. The most pitfall and shortcoming of this type of leadership is strictly failure. In case of anything going wrong, the leader has no clout to blame his team, but a chance to see his shortcomings. But in each management style, or leadership style, the motivation towards good leadership and overall output of members or employees are held up within the management theories, that offer a dimension for all leaders to use for the realisation of their utmost goals. Leadership without goals is failure in management. Some of these theories include the Hawthorne model or experiments, which lay emphasis on human relations. In this model, the work-place lightning did improve the productivity during the experiment and after, that is, within the groups. It has thus reinforced the fact that individuals are not those rational and covert economic beings as assumed by the classical theorists, as well as the emphasis of social interaction and the improvement of peoples work once they have been valued. Other theories of management include the rule set or bureaucracy, stipulated by Max Weber and gave the world the red tape, since it lays emphasis on rules and overall regulations. Also, the scientific theory of management by Frederick Taylor brought out the notion that each task must be scientifically and also rationally optimised for overall productivity, which was perfected by the Ford Company and the monetary incentives involved brought perfect results. Lastly, the process approach theory by Henry Fayol has been clear in leadership styles and in all management levels, even in laissez faire, as it lays much emphasis on planning, organising, coordinating, commanding, controlling and even the staff and line principles. The theories are not leadership styles but they harness the existing leadership and management styles. Disadvantages of leadership styles As much as the leadership style known as paternalistic management contains some autocratic dynamism, it comes as being a bit warm and a bit fuzzy within the precincts of its approach. In its paternal aspect, it harkens in the line of a father being firm though has good intentions in the life of ones children and in the business limelight, the employees. Just like most paternal beings are, except for those dads who keep saying: I told you, the typical paternalistic manager most of the times explains the specific reason as to why he has taken certain actions in management and for his employees. He is very far from being autocratic and looks after the harmony within his or her team. A manager of this calibre tends to provide that environment that is perfectly well rounded for all within his management wing, even including a prior consideration of their personal and social aspects in their lives. In this respect, there seems to occur some kind of upward communication all the way from the tip to the high ranks, in terms of provision of feedback which could be well used for the transformation of some aspects within the organisation for the achievement of employee satisfaction and avid motivation. Those in support of paternalistic management style have related to it as providing a huge movement towards the motivation of employees more than an autocratic style, since the employees tends to fill the leadership as considering their welfare and thus do care for them more as people and not just like robots. Since the objective that comes with keeping the motivation of the employees is highly included in this leadership style, there tends to be an overt probability that is laid towards an increased loyalty of employee and also a minimal turnover. The overall disadvantage with this leadership style depicts the overall disadvantage of leadership styles, sharing such similarities with those elements of autocratic techniques of management styles, such that they have led to the dependency upon the leader thro